Saturday, December 21, 2019

Is Global Warming Real or Not - 766 Words

Is Global Warming Real or Not? 70% of people in the world think that global warming is real and 12% say its not happening at all. Well to you non-believers did you ever wonder way places that were beautiful arent so beautiful now? For example the Arctic a winter wonderland now big, huge, super deep, pool almost gone. Its happening everywhere and it affects everything and everyone. There are tons of thoughts on Global Warming(G.W) on if its happening or not. Not many people believe in climate change(G.W), â€Å"but the people who do believe want the government to take part or take some kind of action and help make it more serious matter†( Scott Clement-Washington Post). They think it should be a one if the number one priority. 34% of people say GW is a big serious threat to the world and 64% of people say that it is no threat whats so ever. You would also think that people would believe in what scientist say because they’re the exports and theyre the ones with the money to conduct the experiments to see whats happening, no, 35% of americans have little faith in scientists and 26% think that they are telling the truth. â€Å"Not to mention no more than 16% of american say there will be no effect of G.W in their lifetime and about 8% say it will happen, they think that its going to happen in the distant future not the present† (Karlyn Bowman and Jennifer Marsico from Forbes.com). What they don’t realize that G.W is already affecting us. people who think its not going to happenShow MoreRelatedIs Global Warming Real1810 Words   |  8 Pages|Is Global Warming Real | |Environment Society | | | | In this research paper we will be discussing is global warming real. There| |are many people who do not believe that it is happening. The sooner they | |accept that fact, the better because they can start taking some measures. | |We can not rely on our opinionsRead MoreGlobal Warming Is Not Real Or Happening?1515 Words   |  7 Pagesscientists indicate that, from carbon emissions and several other factors, global warming does exist. Countries throughout the world have been putting their efforts into research surrounding this topic to see if it is an actual problem. Globally, all of the top ten warmest years have happened since 1998 (NOAA, 2015). One of the most confused claims from citizens is that â€Å"It is cold outside, therefore global warming is not real or happening.† But, just because the temperature of one area is belowRead MoreGlobal Warming Is A Real Problem Essay1645 Words   |  7 Pageshumans have changed the earth’s atmosphere in dramatic ways over the past two centuries, resulting in global warming†. (What is the Greenhouse Effect?) Global warming is a real problem, and it has real consequences. The slow increase in the earth’s temperature is called global wa rming. It is my opinion that this is because of the way people all over the earth go about their daily living. Global warming and climate change can be eliminated by upgrading building infrastructures over a period of time. StoppingRead MoreGlobal Warming Is A Real Event978 Words   |  4 Pagesbeen warned about global warning. There have been many efforts especially by the American people to go green in an effort to slow the human contribution to global warming. But just because we have been told that global warming is a real event and we should fear it, does that make this event a fact or phenomenon? As a critical thinking student I took time to look into the validity of global warming to decide if the validity of such an event. What is global warming? Global warming is the increase inRead MoreGlobal Warming is Real Essay780 Words   |  4 PagesWhen thinking of global warming, one could picture a line of dominos. Imagine if someone had knocked over just one domino, what would happen to the rest of the dominos in the line? The others would follow. Global warming can be compared to dominos in that both cause a chain reaction. Carbon dioxide could very well represent the first domino since it is carbon dioxide that creates the blanket-like effect of CO2 in the atmosphere. This blanket effect sets the other dominos in motion. TheRead MoreGlobal Warming Is A Real Issue997 Words   |  4 PagesGlobal warming is an ongoing issue throughout the world that has been talked about for years now. Many people, like us, talk about the consequences of it and how we believe that it is a problem yet no one does anything to prevent it. In February of 2016 it was confirmed that February was the hottest month recorded in at least the past one-thousand years. Global warming is starting to become a real issue that we have to start dealing with so that our future generations do not have to suffer from theseRead MoreGlobal Warming Is A Real Phenomenon1048 Words   |  5 Pagesspecies. We are constantly learning more about our planet. However, in the last century, there has been a different trend taking place. We have experienced a rise in the Earth’s temperature. Global warming is the phenomenon that has taken place over the past one hundred and thirty-three years. Global warming has been described as the greenho use effect of dangerous gases released to the atmosphere. The gas eventually creates an invisible cloud over our planet which makes it more difficult for heatRead MoreIs Global Warming A Real Threat? Essay1770 Words   |  8 PagesIs global warming a real threat to the world or just a myth? Global warming is in fact real and is both seen and felt by humans. Yet, it is complicated finding a solution for it because of all the factors that are at play and the opposition of people who do not believe it is a real issue. Many countries rely on fossil fuels to both produce goods and generate power for homes, and it would cost a vast number of money to change to different alternatives. As a result human activity would have to decreaseRead MoreGlobal Warming Is A Real Problem1796 Words   |  8 PagesClimate Change is an important topic that everyone should be well versed on. Global warming was denied as being a real problem for many years, but the proof cannot be hidden anymore and countr ies around the world are acknowledging that global warming does exist. It is my pleasure to know that our country will participate in the United Nations Climate Summit. As the CEO of an environmentally conscious company, it is my honor to represent the United States of America at the Summit. Climate ChangeRead MoreGlobal Warming Is A Real Phenomenon2326 Words   |  10 PagesINTRODUCTION Global warming has become a central problem in the scientific community, while viewed as more of a severe problem by some people and policy makers than other, the consensus in the scientific community is that global warming is a very real phenomenon. Although the global warming is still debated as far as how fast and severe the problem is, scientific data has shown that the average global temperature has increased by 0.4 to 0.8 Celsius during the last 100 years (http://www.livescience

Friday, December 13, 2019

South Park as Parody of Society Free Essays

South Park began airing in 1997. The commercials that preceded it gave the impression of it beinganother stupid cartoon; however, when I began watching, I realized important issues were being covered through the repeated behaviors and actions of its characters, through the influences these actions could have on the viewers, through the reinforcement and rejections of certain stereotypes, through the long-term effects that could result from watching the program, and through its reflection of social reality. Some of the repeated behaviors and actions of the characters include one of the children (Kenny) dying during each episode (followed by Stan yelling, â€Å"Oh, my God! They’ve killed Kenny† (South Park); the children ragging the overweight kid; the African-American chef obsessing about sex; and the geneticist performing insane experiments in his spooky laboratory. We will write a custom essay sample on South Park as Parody of Society or any similar topic only for you Order Now Kenny has been shot, run over by a train, impaled on a flag pole, beheaded, crushed by Mir, and taken by Death himself–to name a few. Cartman, the overweight kid, has been called â€Å"fat ass,† â€Å"lard ass,† and â€Å"the fat kid† (South Park). There are numerous references to his weight throughout each episode; he eats continuously, thanks to his Mother’s cooking and offering cookies, chocolate-chicken pot pies, and Cheesy Poofs. Each time Chef (voice of Isaac Hayes) offers to explain important issues to the kids, he breaks into a song about making â€Å"sweet love† to a woman. This leaves the children wondering just what the heck he is trying to say. There are references to his having sex with every available (and even unavailable) female in the town. There is a take-off of The Island of Dr. Moreau with a geneticist–mimicking Marlon Brando–conducting bizarre experiments: creating monkeys with four asses; creating mutant, militant turkeys; and bringing flesh-eating zombies to life. There are both negative and positive influences these repeated behaviors and actions could have on an audience. One negative effect could be the numbing of the viewer to children’s deaths: it is such a common occurrence on the show until it is expected. Another effect could be the instilling of negative feelings toward the overweight; the audience could be learning that it is acceptable to verbally attack a person with a weight problem. Also, in a time of AIDS, promotion of sexual promiscuity is a dangerous thing: never have the writers mentioned the use of condoms by Chef during his encounters. Finally, because of the recent advances in genetic research and its awakening of new fears in the public, South Park’s parody of the geneticist could further play on people’s fears. Despite the potentially negative influences of these behaviors and actions, there could be a positive influence existing in the form of catharsis. American society has suffered from the rules of political correctness, the fear of AIDS, and the fear of knowledge (the fear of going too far into God’s domain–thanks to our Puritanical background). Maybe South Park gives us release from repression by allowing us to laugh at the things we fear the most: death, ridicule of our differences by our peers, the contracting of deadly diseases, and advancements in science. (I am sure that most of us need release from the built-up tensions of daily life; South Park has given us this release. Despite South Park’s cathartic influence, it reinforces several negative stereotypes: the promiscuous African-American male, the self-serving public official, and the gun-happy redneck. As I wrote above, Chef has little control over his libido; this is an extremely negative stereotype of the African-American male. If Chef were Caucasian (let us say an Irish-English-German-Swedish-Scottish-etc-American), the stereotype could be avoided entirely. The mayor’s decisions are based solely on her looking good in the public eye. For example, when a volcano erupts, she uses fake concern for the children on the mountain to look like a caring person on Entertainment Tonight; she calls for continuous re-takes even though ET is broadcasting live. Uncle JimBo and Ned are the gun-toting Bubba types; when they take the kids on a camping trip, they get drunk and shoot at will. JimBo’s philosophies are, â€Å"hunting without drinking is like fishing,† and â€Å"thanks to those damned Democrats, we can only shoot certain animals that impose a threat; therefore, when you see an animal, you have to yell, ‘it’s comin’ right for us’; then you shoot† (South Park). At least one episode attempted to reject a negative stereotype: homosexuality is a bad thing. Stan’s dog, Sparky, turns out to be gay. Throughout the episode we hear the evils of homosexuality preached by the town’s people; Sparky runs away. Stan realizes that his love for his dog is more important than society’s negative views. Stan is counted on to win the big football game. He does not show up because he is searching for his dog (YES! What a message: football does not fit highly in the great scheme of things. He finds Sparky at Big Gay Al’s â€Å"Big Gay Animal Sanctuary† and brings him home. Stan shares his newfound understanding with the citizens, and they accept his view. All the gay pets return from Al’s to be with their owners. The owners apologize for being so narrow minded. This episode’s message is quite profound. The gay episode is one episode which may be obvious in its message and is quite easy to grasp; however, the long -term effects from watching this program could go in two directions. First, there is the possibility that children (and adults) watching this show would imitate the bad language and sometimes antisocial behaviors of the characters without realizing the important subtexts of the episodes. For example, Kyle is labeled a â€Å"fecal-phile† in the Christmas episode. He has a friend he calls Mr. Hankey. Mr. Hankey comes out of the toilet to bring Christmas cheer to all the little Jewish boys. Unfortunately, Mr. Hankey is a piece of feces, and as he dances around, he leaves marks on the walls, floor, and sink; he, also, writes â€Å"NOEL† on the bathroom mirror. Of course, Kyle’s parents blame Kyle–they do not believe in Mr. Hankey. Kyle is institutionalized for â€Å"fecal-philia. † Here, the problem could be kids thinking that it is cool to be in love with your own feces and cool to share it with others. They could miss the message found in the subtext: the fact that political correctness has gotten out of hand. This episode allows the inhabitants of South Park to express their dislikes over every aspect of Christmas–mainly, that each person’s rights are being infringed upon by someone else’s beliefs. The political correctness is what drives Kyle to his belief in Mr. Hankey, not the fun of playing in his own filth. Second, the audience could grasp the subtexts in these episodes and come to terms with their own morals and belief systems. There is a line spoken by Lex Luthor in Superman that makes good sense: â€Å"A man can read War and Peace and come away believing it is a simple adventure story; another man can read the ingredients on a chewing gum wrapper and unlock the secrets of the universe† (Superman). The fact is that South Park is out there; it is ultimately our responsibility to make of it what we will. It may be our responsibility to do with South Park what we will; however, this program reflects what already exists: â€Å"a society full of prejudices and fears which are embedded within its communities and how these human short-comings are passed on to children†( Hatley). Fortunately, in most of the episodes these negative actions and beliefs are dealt with in a manner that seeks to alleviate them. Unfortunately, this manner of lleviation is found in the subtext, and most people are not willing to look that far; it requires too much effort. Frighteningly, the show is a parody of society itself. In film, parody is usually the death-knell of a particular genre. Years ago, I read that Ren and Stimpy (another cartoon) was proof of the decline of our civilization because of its attacks on societal norms. â€Å"Could South Park be further proof of this decline, or is it just a funny cartoon that allows us to laugh at ourselves while dealing with our fears? †( Pineda) How to cite South Park as Parody of Society, Papers

Thursday, December 5, 2019

Contingency Model for Selection of Decision Strategies

Question: Case study on contingency model for selection of decision strategies. Answer: Contingency Model for selection of decision strategies Abstract The primary aim of the report is to analyze different models of decision making used by the managers at workplace. First the author analyzes the contingency model for the selection of decision making strategies. It is a model that states that why the decision makers use various strategies to deal with different decision problems. Decision making requires research of techniques for improving the effectiveness of decision that it makes. The article describes a framework for examining the individuals selection of strategies for decision making. The case study discusses the theory of contingency model and its effectiveness on decision making strategies. The author also uses variety of examples to explain the theory. The author also identifies the uniqueness of choice makers and individuality of decision strategies. The main aim of the case study is to discuss the strategy selection is dependent upon both the distinctiveness of the decision task and the uniqueness of decision maker. Introduction Contingency model of decision making is used in many management and organizations such as management, managerial design and participation in decision making. The choice of strategy for making decision in organizations depends on the type of problems, the surroundings and the personal characteristic of the decision maker. Motivation is the greatest element that is required to make a decision for the least asset for an acceptable solution (Chemers, 2014). The contingency model of decision making includes many stages of decision making. The first stage of contingency model is to recognize and examine the problems that the organization faces. The problem is related to the confusion and choice that is used between what is the target and goal of the company and the resources that are available in the organization to accomplish the goal and make a proper decision (Clemen Reilly, 2013). The next stage is the evaluation stage where the main aim of the decision maker is to ask questions on wh at are the parameter of then problems and what knowledge should the decision makers have to solve these problems. The stage three is the selection stage where a strategy is selected to solve the problems and take a proper decision. Stage four is the information processing stage where the decision maker collects information on the strategy that it has chosen for the effective implementation of the strategy on the decision task. Stage five and six are the last or the final stage of decision making that is the actual and the final stage of the strategies. It also analyzes the choices or the alternatives that is available for the strategies. The decision making largely depends on the personal characteristics of the decision makers and decision task (Betsch Haberstroh, 2014). Review methodology Different authors and writers have different views on the decision making using contingency model. There are three categories of model for decision making that is aided-analytic, unaided analytic and non analytic. These categories involve various examples as presented by various authors. Aided analytics includes use of various mathematical logic and equations in decision making. The forecasting model in businesses helps the organization make complex decisions. Moral algebra as presented by Benjamin Franklin is widely used in organizations to make the decision. Unaided analytics is the category that identifies various problems but has no particular tool to or process to solve the problem. There is no particular pen and paper required to solve the problem but instead the calculations are done in head (Chai et al., 2013). The survey shows that third grade children use this strategy to solve the mathematical problems while adults also use this method. Authors like Tversky and Simon has presented many models to explain the decision making strategies. The non analytical strategy requires less analysis and verification and contains fair rule and tools on decision making. The main characteristics of decision task are decision making, unfamiliarity, complexity and ambiguity. The main characteristics of decision maker are information, aptitude and inspiration. Various theories and equations have been presented in the case study by the author that links task demand with the decision problems and the decision environment (Battilana Casciaro, 2012). Key issues The main issue of the case study is that the real life scenarios, its problems and solutions are not given in the case study. Though the contingency model in decision making has been explained buy the author and its different stages are also well defined but the reader fails to understand when the organizations should use the theory and how it should use (Chung et al., 2012). Contingency model is a complex model in decision making model that is based on various assumptions but is not applicable in real world and organization. Stimulation of goals was the only objective of the article. The article failed to present the understanding of what the model is all about (Skinner, 2014). Conclusion Hence it can be concluded that decision making requires the decision makers to examine and use various strategies that is complex in nature. The contingency model of decision making is based on various assumptions and is divided into proper stages that the decision maker can use to apply the decision making tool. Various authors have presented models of the expected utility and the characteristics of decision task and environment. The various expected utility tool and the characteristic and demand of task and decision making is linked to each other. The case has many issues as well that can be solved if the strategies are properly explained. References Battilana, J., Casciaro, T. (2012). Change agents, networks, and institutions: A contingency theory of organizational change.Academy of Management Journal,55(2), 381-398. Betsch, T., Haberstroh, S. (Eds.). (2014).The routines of decision making. Psychology Press. Chai, J., Liu, J. N., Ngai, E. W. (2013). Application of decision-making techniques in supplier selection: A systematic review of literature.Expert Systems with Applications,40(10), 3872-3885. Chemers, M. (2014).An integrative theory of leadership. Psychology Press. Chung, H. F., Lu Wang, C., Huang, P. H. (2012). A contingency approach to international marketing strategy and decision-making structure among exporting firms.International Marketing Review,29(1), 54-87. Clemen, R., Reilly, T. (2013).Making hard decisions with DecisionTools. Cengage Learning. Govindan, K., Rajendran, S., Sarkis, J., Murugesan, P. (2013). Multi criteria decision making approaches for green supplier evaluation and selection: a literature review.Journal of Cleaner Production. Hwang, C. L., Yoon, K. (2012).Multiple attribute decision making: methods and applications a state-of-the-art survey(Vol. 186). Springer Science Business Media. Mosadeghi, R., Warnken, J., Tomlinson, R., Mirfenderesk, H. (2015). Comparison of Fuzzy-AHP and AHP in a spatial multi-criteria decision making model for urban land-use planning.Computers, Environment and Urban Systems,49, 54-65. Pedrycz, W., Song, M. (2014). A granulation of linguistic information in AHP decision-making problems.Information Fusion,17, 93-101. Skinner, B. F. (2014).Contingencies of reinforcement: A theoretical analysis(Vol. 3). BF Skinner Foundation.

Thursday, November 28, 2019

Casey Henderson Essays (1092 words) - Algerian War, Africa

Casey Henderson History 20 th Century Dr. Biggs 2/24/15 Battle of Algiers and the Return of Algiers Women play important roles in The Battle of Algiers . Discuss how their roles in the film compare with women's participation in other struggles of national liberation. In the film The Battle of Algiers, women play an important role on the side of the National Liberation Front, also known as the FLN. Most women were of the Muslim culture while a few were French but ultimately these women helped in many different aspects of the war. These woman worked as nurses or spies or even helped with the combat going on in throughout the city. As shown in the movie these woman were fully covered from head to toe and all you can see is there eyes. Muslim woman have always dressed this way but I believe this helped these woman be sneaky in their efforts to help. In a scene in the movie the paratroopers began to set up blocks or checkpoints in an effort to make sure people were not caring any weapons or acting suspicious. A woman all covered in white was grabbed by one of the paratroopers and she screams "don't touch me!" The trooper lets her go as it somewhat looks suspicious on his part to others watching. The woman ends up having a gun under her, she pul ls it out and shoots two paratroopers and immediately drops the evidence in a nearby box that seemed to be all planned out. The tactics of these woman prove to be helpful because they are not your stereotypical murder, and people seem to trust them more. In the national liberation struggle of Ireland woman in the Cumann na mBan army played similar roles in their fight for equal rights. These woman planted bombs and carried weapons just like the Algerian sisters. These two groups of woman were used to help these struggles and both did a lot of tactics that men were required as well. Terrorist bombings occur in multiple scenes and places in the film. How and why did the FLN utilize these attacks, and how does the film present the ethics of killing civilians? Compare the use of terrorism here with other examples in modern world history. The battle of Algiers started with the increase attention to the struggle from the French which ultimately lead to the strike of the FLN. Three woman planted bombs randomly throughout the city which lead to many shootings and casualties which sparked a big response from authorities. Even though the paratroopers eventually eradicated the Algerians, the bombings and casualties showed the ability of the FLN to successfully strike at the attention of French Algeria and to achieve a mass reply to the demands of Muslims. They killed many innocent civilians and this shows the killing of civilians to be easy to commit and get away with during this period. The terrorist attack killing 241 United States soldiers in Lebanon was another act of terrorism throughout the 20 th century. These 2 terrorist attacks are alike because they were b oth a complete surprise killing many people. These acts were committed to get the attention of certain groups in an effort to get what they want. The Algerian war was meant to for them to gain independence against the French while the attack in Lebanon was the Iranian people sending a message to the US trying to declare war. Economic concerns were central to both the Algerian War (1954-62) and the tensions described in Return to Algiers (1991). Explain. During the Algerian war the econo mic struggle was high . Many people were unemployed and the struggle for Muslims to gain independence was the under lying problem. Many woman working for the Muslim people now had jobs like that of woman in the military. They had many jobs such as doctors and even helping out with the combat going on in the city. The battle of Algiers put an even bigger pause on the economic flow throughout France during this period and left many innocent people scared to leave there house. In the Return to Algiers the economic struggle was similar. The collapse of

Sunday, November 24, 2019

Noise Distraction

Noise Distraction Are you distracted by noise? Some students struggle to pay attention in class and other study areas because small background noises interfere with their concentration. Background noise does not affect all students in the same way. There are a few factors that may determine whether noise distraction is a problem for you. Noise Distraction and Learning Styles Three of the most commonly recognized learning styles are visual learning, tactile learning, and auditory learning. It is important to discover your own prominent learning style to determine how to study most effectively, but its also important to know your learning style in order to recognize potential problems. Studies have shown that auditory learners are most distracted by background noise. But how will you know if you are an auditory learner? Auditory learners often: Talk to themselves while reading or studyingMove their lips while readingAre better at speaking than writingSpell better out loudHave difficulty visualizing thingsCant follow conversations when the TV is onCan mimic songs and tunes well If you feel that these traits describe your personality, you may need to pay special attention to your study habits and the location of your study space. Noise Distraction and Personality Type Two personality types that you may recognize are introversion and extraversion. It is important to know that these types have nothing to do with ability or intelligence; these terms merely describe the way that different people function. Some students are deep thinkers who tend to talk less than others. These are common traits of introverted students. One study has shown that noise distraction can be more harmful to introverted students than to extroverted students when it comes to study time. Introverted students can experience more difficulty understanding what they are reading in a noisy environment. Introverts typically: Like to work independentlyAre confident about their own opinionsThink deeply about thingsReflect and analyze more before acting on somethingCan focus on one thing for a long timeEnjoy readingAre happy in their own little worldHave a few deep friendships If these traits sound familiar to you, you may want to read more about introversion. You may discover that you need to adjust your study habits to cut down on the potential for noise distraction. Avoiding Noise Distraction Sometimes we dont realize how much background noise can affect our performance. If you suspect that noise interference is affecting your grades, you should consider the following recommendations. Turn off the mp3 and other music when you study: You may love your music, but its not good for you when youre reading.Stay away from the TV when doing homework: Television shows contain plots and conversations that can trick your brain into distraction when you dont even realize it! If your family watches TV at one end of the house during homework time, try to move to the other end.Buy earplugs: Small, expanding foam earplugs are available at large retail stores and auto stores. Theyre great for blocking out the noise.Consider investing in some noise-blocking earphones: This is a more expensive solution, but it might make a big difference in your homework performance if you have a serious problem with noise distraction. For more information you may consider: The Effects of Noise Distraction on SAT Scores, by Janice M. Chatto and Laura ODonnell. Ergonomics, Volume 45, Number 3, 2002,pp. 203-217.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

None Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

None - Coursework Example - While maintaining a Paris studio, Renoir traveled a great deal, staying in rural spots where living was cheaper - Essoyes, La Rochelle, La Roche- Guyon, Wargemont.16 These peaceful country settings inspired the landscape and stream in the Bathers and in several of the preparatory drawings. Because he was a sociable artist who liked to work with colleagues, Renoir missed the old community of painters. In May, 1884, he drafted a program for "La Socidtd des Irregularistes" that was partly motivated by a desire to re-establish an artistic fellowship. To his disappointment, the society was never formed. - it seems that 1884-87 was a period of experimentation which culminated in the large Bathers. During these years Renoir may have been guided by a theoretical idea of irregularity which contributed to the stylistic diversity of the painting. - Several writers in the literary and musical world are likely to have encouraged Renoirs classicism. Among them, Mallarme was the most notable. In the mid-188os Mallarmd and Renoir became acquainted at Morisots Thursday evening dinners. Morisots correspondence reveals their friendship. - Ingress classical influence can be seen in the structural clarity that Renoir has given to the monumental closed forms in the foreground of The Bathers. His ordering of forms reads as both a bas-relief and a pyramid; triangles relate the two girls at the left as well as the three foreground girls in a relationship of glances, gestures, and leg movements. 10) According to the author, why was Renoir vulnerable to the popular taste of the wealthy class?   Which artists did Renoir, essentially, look to in an attempt to â€Å"sell out†?   How did Renoir try to improve his financial situation?   How did his peers respond to this shift and what was the end result?   (pp. 121-125) Renoirs vulnerability to haut bourgeois taste was necessarily a function of his financial situation. In 1886 and 1887,